What is Bipolar Disorder?
Bipolar disorder is a mental health disorder characterised by significant changes in mood, energy and behaviour. The person alternates between periods of mania or hypomania (state of euphoria or agitation) and depression (deep depressive state).
These episodes can affect work, relationships and the ability to make decisions
Bipolar disorder is not “ordinary mood swings”
Unlike normal emotional fluctuations, bipolar disorder involves intense episodes, persistent over time and with a major functional impact.
Types of Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar Disorder Type I
It is characterised by severe manic episodes that may require hospitalisation, with or without depressive episodes.
Bipolar Disorder Type II
It is characterised by episodes of hypomania (milder mania) alternating with intense depressive episodes.
There is no complete mania, but the depression tends to be marked.
Cyclothymia
Milder form, with prolonged periods of hypomanic and depressive symptoms, but without meeting the criteria for full-blown episodes.
What is a Manic Episode?
Symptoms of mania
- Feeling of extremely high energy
- Euphoria or intense irritability
- Reduced sleep with little fatigue
- Rapid speech and quick thinking
- Impulsivity, risky behaviour (excessive spending, sexual impulses, risky decisions)
- Great self-esteem or a feeling of invincibility
Hypomania vs Mania
In hypomania, The symptoms are similar but less intense and do not cause complete loss of function or the need for hospitalisation.
What is a Depressive Episode?
Symptoms of depression in bipolar disorder
- Persistently sad or empty mood
- Loss of interest in usual activities
- Sleep disorders (insomnia or oversleeping)
- Constant fatigue
- Feeling of worthlessness or guilt
- Negative or suicidal thoughts
- Difficulty concentrating
Causes and Risk Factors
Factors influencing bipolar disorder
- Genetics (family history is an important factor)
- Chemical changes in the brain
- Stressful or traumatic events
- Sleep deprivation
- Consumption of alcohol or drugs
It's not caused by a “lack of willpower” or a weak personality.
How is the diagnosis made?
The diagnosis is clinical and made by a psychiatrist.
Includes:
- Detailed clinical interview
- Mood and behaviour history
- Exclusion of other medical conditions
- Risk assessment (e.g. severe impulsivity or suicidal ideation)
The importance of early diagnosis
The sooner treatment begins, the better the symptom control and prognosis.
Treatment for Bipolar Disorder
Medication (basis of treatment)
Treatment is usually with
- Mood stabilisers
- Atypical antipsychotics
- Antidepressants (use with caution)
The medication should be monitored by a doctor and adjusted over time.
Psychotherapy
- Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
- Psychoeducation
- Family and support therapy
Lifestyle
- Regular sleep routine
- Physical exercise
- Avoid alcohol and drugs
- Stress management strategies
Living with Bipolar Disorder: Prognosis and Recovery
Bipolar disorder is chronic, but treatable.
With appropriate counselling, many people manage to live with emotional stability and maintain their academic, professional and personal lives.
The key to good results
- Continuous treatment
- Regular follow-up appointments
- Early recognition of signs of relapse
- Adherence to the therapeutic plan
When should you seek help urgently?
Seek immediate help if available:
- Suicidal thoughts
- Severe impulsive behaviour
- Severe insomnia with intense agitation
- Loss of contact with reality
With a correct diagnosis, medical follow-up and ongoing support, it is possible to stabilise mood, reduce relapses and live a full and functional life.
